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變(bian)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)微機監控系統是(shi)目(mu)前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力建設(she)(she)(she)中比較(jiao)熱門的(de)一個話題,由于其可(ke)對(dui)供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統各(ge)種(zhong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)開關(guan)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)狀(zhuang)態和(he)(he)(he)各(ge)回路的(de)實(shi)際參數(shu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)實(shi)時采集(ji)和(he)(he)(he)過程(cheng)顯示,對(dui)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)遙(yao)控和(he)(he)(he)自動連鎖(suo)操作,對(dui)參數(shu)越(yue)限報警、事故報告(gao)操作、事件(jian)記錄(lu)和(he)(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)遠程(cheng)配(pei)置等功能(neng),從而極大改善配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)管理,為實(shi)現無(wu)人值守提(ti)供條件(jian),可(ke)明顯提(ti)高(gao)(gao)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)安全性、提(ti)高(gao)(gao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)、節省能(neng)源消耗、減少配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)運(yun)(yun)用費用。因此,目(mu)前(qian)變(bian)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)集(ji)成應用已成為趨(qu)勢。

變電站微機監控系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)分散、分層、分布式結構,整個系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)可分為3 層式結構:現(xian)場層(由智能型可通信設備組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)) 、網絡管理(li)層(由安(an)裝在各(ge)個配(pei)電中(zhong)心或功能段的(de)通信管理(li)單元(yuan)(yuan)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)) 、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)管理(li)層主站層(由監控中(zhong)心計(ji)算(suan)機系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)) 。本文對應(ying)用(yong)于現(xian)場層的(de)現(xian)場總線型低(di)壓成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)套開關設備進行分析(xi),探討如何更好地采(cai)用(yong)元(yuan)(yuan)器件(jian)和進行低(di)壓成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)套開關設備網絡系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)設計(ji)。

現(xian)場(chang)總線(xian)(xian)型低壓成套開關設(she)備(bei)所用元件一般都(dou)是(shi)(shi)智能(neng)電(dian)子設(she)備(bei),它們(men)都(dou)能(neng)獨(du)立(li)完成傳(chuan)統低壓設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配電(dian)、控制(zhi)和(he)保護功能(neng),而(er)且由于電(dian)子設(she)備(bei)容易(yi)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量、運算和(he)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)邏(luo)輯,故通(tong)常具有(you)更為(wei)精確(que)和(he)強大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)。最重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),它不僅(jin)可(ke)作為(wei)一個獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)其(qi)功能(neng),而(er)且可(ke)將采(cai)集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)傳(chuan)送到(dao)外部(bu)(bu),接(jie)受外部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命令(ling)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)操作,這就為(wei)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)分布式監控系(xi)統提供了基礎(chu)條件。這里所指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)總線(xian)(xian)是(shi)(shi)用于工業設(she)備(bei)之間通(tong)信的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規約(yue),是(shi)(shi)已得到(dao)眾(zhong)多制(zhi)造商(shang)采(cai)用和(he)支持的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信規約(yue)。現(xian)場(chang)總線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)為(wei)不同廠商(shang)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互連、互換、互操作提供了可(ke)能(neng),使(shi)用開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)總線(xian)(xian)已得到(dao)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。

在(zai)配電監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)之中的(de)現場層設備(bei),是分散、

分(fen)布式的(de)(de)(de)結構,保(bao)持原有的(de)(de)(de)電氣系(xi)統設計的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)間隔劃(hua)分(fen),單元化、模(mo)塊(kuai)化設計,各間隔獨(du)立(li)處理。各設備(bei)不依賴(lai)網絡可(ke)獨(du)立(li)完(wan)成(cheng)各自的(de)(de)(de)電氣功(gong)能(neng),而(er)通過(guo)網絡的(de)(de)(de)集(ji)中的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制設備(bei)能(neng)實現設備(bei)間協調和連鎖控(kong)制及(ji)系(xi)統監(jian)控(kong)功(gong)能(neng)。具體(ti)來講,可(ke)進行如下比(bi)較:

(1) 傳統的電氣控制方式(shi)。傳統的低壓開(kai)關

設備(bei)主(zhu)要(yao)通過斷路器(qi)、接(jie)觸器(qi)、熱繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、熔斷器(qi)、各(ge)種控制(zhi)(zhi)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、各(ge)種主(zhu)令電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、互感器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)工儀表(biao)等實(shi)現配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、控制(zhi)(zhi)、保護、監視功(gong)能,這種產品不僅配(pei)有數十個或更多的(de)模擬指針儀表(biao),大(da)量繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)給生產、儲存(cun)、維修(xiu)帶來極大(da)不便,且以(yi)人工直接(jie)操作為(wei)主(zhu),無法(fa)實(shi)現計算機管理(li),難以(yi)實(shi)現較復雜的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)邏輯(ji)。

(2) 現場總線型(xing)低壓(ya)成套開(kai)關設(she)(she)備的電氣控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式。現場總線型(xing)低壓(ya)開(kai)關設(she)(she)備完(wan)全摒棄了以(yi)模(mo)擬儀表(biao)、繼電器(qi)為監測(ce)、控(kong)制(zhi)設(she)(she)備的傳統型(xing)開(kai)關設(she)(she)備的管理觀念和模(mo)式,代之以(yi)大(da)量的智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)元器(qi)件(jian)(智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)網絡(luo)儀表(biao)、網絡(luo)I/O、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)斷路器(qi)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)型(xing)分(fen)散(san)功能(neng)(neng)模(mo)塊等)和極(ji)少量普通型(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)設(she)(she)備,是一種新型(xing)的網絡(luo)集成式全分(fen)布(bu)控(kong)制(zhi)設(she)(she)備。

總線型(xing)低壓(ya)開關設備可對(dui)電流、電壓(ya)、有(you)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)、無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)、功(gong)率(lv)因數、頻(pin)率(lv)、電度等電參數進行監測(ce),對(dui)斷(duan)路器的分(fen)合狀(zhuang)態、故障信息進行監視和(he)控(kong)制,對(dui)斷(duan)路器的運行參數進行遠程(cheng)設置(zhi)調整,并提供完善的遠程(cheng)監控(kong)軟件,從而實現“三遙(yao)”或“四遙(yao)”功(gong)能。

現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)是指安裝(zhuang)在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造或過程區域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)與控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)室(shi)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)之間數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)式、串行、多(duo)點通(tong)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)技(ji)術(shu)是實(shi)現(xian)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)級設備數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)通(tong)信(xin)的(de)(de)(de)一種工業現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)層網絡通(tong)信(xin)技(ji)術(shu),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)技(ji)術(shu)可(ke)迅速、簡單、低成本地(di)實(shi)現(xian)自(zi)動化(hua)。現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)打(da)破了原(yuan)有(you)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構與模(mo)(mo)式,使控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)趨向分散(san)(san)化(hua)、網絡化(hua)、智能(neng)(neng)化(hua),其最明顯的(de)(de)(de)特點為:信(xin)號(hao)傳輸數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)化(hua)、標準統(tong)一全(quan)開放、控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)單元獨立。現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong),各種模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)號(hao)在(zai)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)就(jiu)被(bei)轉換成標準的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)信(xin)號(hao),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)全(quan)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)式、雙(shuang)向傳輸,傳送時不(bu)易受周圍(wei)環境的(de)(de)(de)干擾,并(bing)可(ke)克(ke)服模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)號(hao)在(zai)傳輸過程中(zhong)衰減的(de)(de)(de)問題,從(cong)(cong)而使數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)有(you)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)完(wan)整性(xing)、可(ke)靠性(xing)和抗干擾性(xing),延長了信(xin)號(hao)傳輸距離;系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)從(cong)(cong)上到下全(quan)開放,采(cai)用(yong)(yong)公開化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)信(xin)協議,遵守同一通(tong)信(xin)標準的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同廠商(shang)設備之間可(ke)互聯(lian)和實(shi)現(xian)信(xin)息交換,用(yong)(yong)戶可(ke)靈(ling)活選用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同廠商(shang)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)產品組成實(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong),達(da)到最佳的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)集成。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功能(neng)(neng)徹底(di)下放到現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),由高度智能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)設備分散(san)(san)地(di)完(wan)成具(ju)體(ti)功能(neng)(neng),如數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)采(cai)集與補(bu)償、運(yun)算(suan)和控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、設備自(zi)校驗和自(zi)診斷等功能(neng)(neng)。它把DCS集中(zhong)與分散(san)(san)相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)集散(san)(san)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)結(jie)構變(bian)成了新型(xing)全(quan)分布式結(jie)構,簡化(hua)了控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)結(jie)構。

目前,工業(ye)控制系統中應(ying)用的(de)現(xian)場總線已有(you)40多種(zhong),應(ying)用在低壓電器產品上主(zhu)要(yao)有(you):德(de)國西門(men)子(zi)公司的(de)Profibus-DP協(xie)(xie)(xie)議(yi);美國Rockwell公司的(de)DeviceNet協(xie)(xie)(xie)議(yi); 日本三菱公司的(de)CC-L ink 協(xie)(xie)(xie)議(yi);法國施耐德(de)公司的(de)Modbus協(xie)(xie)(xie)議(yi); Asi協(xie)(xie)(xie)議(yi)(主(zhu)要(yao)傳送開關(guan)量信號) 。

每種現場總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)都有其優(you)勢,也有其不足。大(da)部分專(zhuan)家認為,從(cong)目前(qian)技術水(shui)平(ping)看(kan),沒有絕(jue)對先進的現場總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)。從(cong)技術特征看(kan), Profibus與CC-Link比較(jiao)類同,這兩種總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)通(tong)信速率較(jiao)高,但協(xie)(xie)議(yi)(yi)較(jiao)復雜,成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)高,簡單(dan)的主從(cong)通(tong)信方(fang)式相(xiang)對單(dan)一、效(xiao)率低(di)(di); DeviceNet總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)通(tong)信速率低(di)(di)于以上兩種總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian),但協(xie)(xie)議(yi)(yi)相(xiang)對簡單(dan)、成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)低(di)(di)、通(tong)信方(fang)式相(xiang)對“靈活(huo)”;Modbus總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)協(xie)(xie)議(yi)(yi)更為簡潔、成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)(di),但功能相(xiang)對較(jiao)弱; Asi總(zong)(zong)線(xian)(xian)主要適(shi)用于開關量(liang)傳(chuan)送和低(di)(di)壓控制電(dian)器(qi)通(tong)信。

據低壓電器產品特點及我國低壓電器行業和市場實際情況,我國可通信低壓電器發展主要跟蹤DeviceNet、Profibus、Modbus、Asi 4種總線。

要實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)現(xian)場智能(neng)(neng)化設備的遠程監(jian)控,必須(xu)形(xing)成智能(neng)(neng)化網絡 ,通常包括監(jian)控用計算機或PLC和配電自動化監(jian)控軟件組成。

監控(kong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或PLC按(an)(an)安裝位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)分為前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和監控(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。據系(xi)統設(she)計(ji)前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)為可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)選方式,按(an)(an)實(shi)際(ji)需要(yao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)直接安裝在現(xian)場的(de)(de)總線(xian)柜(ju)上(shang)或安裝現(xian)場,用(yong)戶可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在現(xian)場直接查(cha)看(kan)各(ge)種參(can)數并(bing)進(jin)行修(xiu)改。前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)連(lian)接總線(xian)柜(ju)內所用(yong)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通信元件,這(zhe)些可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通信元件的(de)(de)數據均由前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)負責(ze)采(cai)集并(bing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)通過TCP / IP網絡與其他監控(kong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)連(lian)接,起到(dao)數據搜集、中(zhong)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。考慮(lv)到(dao)現(xian)場的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環境及(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)必須(xu)具備工(gong)作(zuo)于惡劣(lie)環境的(de)(de)運行能(neng)力。前置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)一般采(cai)用(yong)工(gong)業(ye)控(kong)制計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji),其防(fang)護等級高、可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)工(gong)作(zuo)于變電站高溫(wen)環境。

監控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)安(an)裝在值(zhi)班(ban)室或各種(zhong)非現場的(de)遠程監控(kong)(kong)場合。在已(yi)安(an)裝了前置機(ji)(ji)的(de)場合,監控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)無(wu)需(xu)與(yu)總線柜的(de)各種(zhong)可(ke)通信設備進行直接(jie)連接(jie),用(yong)戶只需(xu)將前置機(ji)(ji)和監控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)通過局域(yu)網連在一起即可(ke)。若用(yong)戶需(xu)要,可(ke)加裝多臺監控(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji),同時對(dui)總線。